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This review paper presents a comparative study of the theoretical models underpinning the Internet of Things (IoT)-based irrigation systems, focusing on their application in managing water scarcity within agricultural sectors in Africa and the United States. By examining the adaptation and implementation of these models, the paper sheds light on the diverse strategies employed to optimize water use and enhance crop yields in response to the pressing challenge of water scarcity. In Africa, the emphasis is on low-cost, innovative solutions tailored to local conditions and resource constraints, whereas in the U.S., the focus shifts to leveraging advanced technology, scalability, and economic viability. The study underscores the significance of IoT-based irrigation systems in promoting sustainable agriculture and water management practices across different environmental and socio-economic contexts. Through a detailed discussion, the paper reflects on the theoretical and practical implications of these findings for policymakers, farmers, and technology developers, acknowledging the limitations of the current analysis while suggesting directions for future research. The comparative insights highlight the potential of IoT technologies to revolutionize water scarcity management strategies globally, advocating for increased collaboration and innovation in the development of sustainable irrigation solutions.
Udo et al. (Sun,) studied this question.