Visualizing the invisible tie: Linking parent–child neural synchrony to parents’ and children's attachment representations

Abstract It is a central tenet of attachment theory that individual differences in attachment representations organize behavior during social interactions. Secure attachment representations also facilitate behavioral synchrony, a key component of adaptive parent–child interactions. Yet, the dynamic neural processes underlying these interactions and the potential role of attachment representations remain largely unknown. A growing body of research indicates that interpersonal neural synchrony (INS) could be a potential neurobiological correlate of high interaction and relationship quality. In this study, we examined whether interpersonal neural and behavioral synchrony during parent–child interaction is associated with parent and child attachment representations. In total, 140 parents (74 mothers and 66 fathers) and their children (age 5–6 years; 60 girls and 80 boys) engaged in cooperative versus individual problem‐solving. INS in frontal and temporal regions was assessed with functional near‐infrared spectroscopy hyperscanning. Attachment representations were ascertained by means of the Adult Attachment Interview in parents and a story‐completion task in children, alongside video‐coded behavioral synchrony. Findings revealed increased INS during cooperative versus individual problem solving across all dyads (𝛸 2 (2) = 9.37, p = 0.009). Remarkably, individual differences in attachment representations were associated with INS but not behavioral synchrony ( p > 0.159) during cooperation. More specifically, insecure maternal attachment representations were related to higher mother–child INS in frontal regions (𝛸 2 (3) = 9.18, p = 0.027). Conversely, secure daughter attachment representations were related to higher daughter–parent INS within temporal regions (𝛸 2 (3) = 12.58, p = 0.006). Our data thus provide further indication for INS as a promising correlate to probe the neurobiological underpinnings of attachment representations in the context of early parent–child interactions. Research Highlights We assessed attachment representations using narrative measures and interpersonal neural synchrony (INS) during parent‐child problem‐solving. Dyads including mothers with insecure attachment representations showed higher INS in left prefrontal regions. Dyads including daughters with secure attachment representations showed higher INS in right temporo‐parietal regions. INS is a promising correlate to probe the neurobiological underpinnings of attachment representations in the context of parent‐child interactions, especially within the mutual prediction framework.