Epidemiology of Spondylolisthesis

Study Design: Epidemiological study. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the annual incidence of spondylolisthesis requiring surgery in Italy and the epidemiological characteristics of the patients. Background: The health care system continues to incur considerable costs as a result of low-back pain. Segmental instability of the lumbar spine has attracted significant interest from researchers as a potential mechanism leading to mechanical low back pain. Materials and Methods: The Italian Ministry of Health’s National Hospital Discharge Reports database in the 2001–2016 period was considered. Results: A total of 55,804 hospital admissions for spondylolisthesis were performed in Italy. The cumulative incidence was 6.8 interventions for every 100,000 Italian adult residents. The highest amount of procedures was recorded in the 65–69 years of age group. The overall patient's age was 56.8 ± 15.1 years. The 62.2% of patients were females. The average hospital stay length was 8.1 ± 7.3 days. On average, older patients require more days of hospital stay. Over the study period, it was observed a decreasing trend in the average number of days of hospital stay. The main primary diagnoses included were “acquired spondylolisthesis” International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code: 738.4; 57.8% and “spondylolisthesis” (ICD code: 756.12; 42.2%). By far, the main primary procedure performed was “lumbar and lumbosacral fusion of the anterior column, posterior technique” (ICD code: 81.08; 60.3%). Conclusions: Spondylolisthesis is a problem in Italy and a leading cause requiring spine surgery. Females were the majority of patients requiring surgery for spondylolisthesis. However, for younger age groups, males showed superior or equal need for spine surgery. The socioeconomic impact of spondylolisthesis in Italy is relevant, affecting patients still in the working population. The increasing trend of spine surgery for spondylolisthesis in Italy may be attributable to the widespread diffusion of modern diagnostic and surgical technologies. Level of Evidence: Level II.