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In recent years, Photovoltaic (PV), Wind Turbine (WT) and Fuel Cell (FC) Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources (HRES) have been used to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption. PV and wind are the primary renewable energy sources, with fuel cells serving as supplemental sources to compensate for power fluctuations and ensure uninterrupted power delivery to the load. Grid-connected systems comprise renewable generation systems and distributed loads that operate under system control and grid-connected mode. However, the growing amount of clean energy sources and distributed generators necessitates novel approaches for the operation and management of the electricity grid for the purpose of increasing powersupply consistency. Thus, this work introduces a novel combined Luo converter along with a Bat optimization-based Proportional Integral (PI) controller for a hybrid PV/wind/FC system to enlarge and uphold the reliability of power supply to the grid system. Owing to the intermittent nature of the PV system, the output of the PV panel gets fluctuates, resulting in poor voltage and unable to meet the load demand. With the implementation of the Luo converter, the unregulated DC output is regulated with high efficiency and reduced current ripples. Furthermore, the Bat-optimized PI controller efficiently maintains the constant DC link voltage with improved dynamic response. The Boost converter is employed to strengthen the low output voltage of the fuel cell. Finally, the entire developed system is executed in MATLAB /Simulink in order to validate the proposed system's working functionality.
Singh et al. (Mon,) studied this question.