The Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction in the Molecular Mechanisms of Epileptogenesis and Targeted Therapy

Epilepsy is a multifaceted neurological syndrome characterized by recurrent, spontaneous, and synchronous seizures. The pathogenesis of epilepsy, known as epileptogenesis, involves intricate changes in neurons, neuroglia, and endothelium, leading to structural and functional disorders within neurovascular units and culminating in the development of spontaneous epilepsy. Although current research on epilepsy treatments primarily centers around anti-seizure drugs, it is imperative to seek effective interventions capable of disrupting epileptogenesis. To this end, a comprehensive exploration of the changes and the molecular mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis holds the promise of identifying vital biomarkers for accurate diagnosis and potential therapeutic targets. Emphasizing early diagnosis and timely intervention is paramount, as it stands to significantly improve patient prognosis and alleviate the socioeconomic burden. In this review, we highlight the changes and molecular mechanisms of the neurovascular unit in epileptogenesis and provide a theoretical basis for identifying biomarkers and drug targets.