Perspective on sample preparation fundamentals

The primary objective of this contribution is to offer insights into fundamentals associated with typical sample preparation, facilitating rational design of new analytical technologies and effective optimization of existing techniques. Sample preparation stands a pivotal stage in the analytical process. Unfortunately, the optimization of associated parameters often relies on trial and error rather than systematic scientific methodologies. If an extraction method provides good recovery of spikes of standards, it is assumed that it works well and no further consideration is given to the underlying principles driving its performance. In the realm of sample preparation, the fundamentals of method optimization are not accorded the same significance as in other technologies, such as chromatography or mass spectrometry. Consequently, the fundamentals of sample preparation are typically overlooked in analytical chemistry curricula. A notable impediment to progress in the sample preparation area is underdeveloped understanding of the fundamentals of extraction, particularly when dealing with natural, often complex samples, where native analyte-matrix interaction is different compared to spikes. This stands in contrast to the physiochemically simpler systems employed in separation and quantification steps, such as chromatography and mass spectrometry. A careful consideration of the underlying principles of sampling and sample preparation can lead to the creation of more efficient and environmentally friendly technologies. Embracing these principles aligns with global shift towards more sustainable future, challenging the perception that sample preparation is solely an artistic endeavour and highlighting its potential as a scientifically grounded discipline.