Functional Limitations and Exercise Intolerance in Patients With Post-COVID Condition

Importance Many patients with post-COVID condition (PCC) experience persistent fatigue, muscle pain, and cognitive problems that worsen after exertion (referred to as postexertional malaise). Recommendations currently advise against exercise in this population to prevent symptom worsening; however, prolonged inactivity is associated with risk of long-term health deterioration. Objective To assess postexertional symptoms in patients with PCC after exercise compared with control participants and to comprehensively investigate the physiologic mechanisms underlying PCC. Design, Setting, and Participants In this randomized crossover clinical trial, nonhospitalized patients without concomitant diseases and with persistent (≥3 months) symptoms, including postexertional malaise, after SARS-CoV-2 infection were recruited in Sweden from September 2022 to July 2023. Age- and sex-matched control participants were also recruited. Interventions After comprehensive physiologic characterization, participants completed 3 exercise trials (high-intensity interval training HIIT, moderate-intensity continuous training MICT, and strength training ST) in a randomized order. Symptoms were reported at baseline, immediately after exercise, and 48 hours after exercise. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was between-group differences in changes in fatigue symptoms from baseline to 48 hours after exercise, assessed via the visual analog scale (VAS). Questionnaires, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, inflammatory markers, and physiologic characterization provided information on the physiologic function of patients with PCC. Results Thirty-one patients with PCC (mean SD age, 46.6 10.0 years; 24 77% women) and 31 healthy control participants (mean SD age, 47.3 8.9 years; 23 74% women) were included. Patients with PCC reported more symptoms than controls at all time points. However, there was no difference between the groups in the worsening of fatigue in response to the different exercises (mean SD VAS ranks for HIIT: PCC, 29.3 19.5; controls, 28.7 11.4; P = .08; MICT: PCC, 31.2 17.0; controls, 24.6 11.7; P = .09; ST: PCC, 31.0 19.7; controls, 28.1 12.2; P = .49). Patients with PCC had greater exacerbation of muscle pain after HIIT (mean SD VAS ranks, 33.4 17.7 vs 25.0 11.3; P = .04) and reported more concentration difficulties after MICT (mean SD VAS ranks, 33.0 17.1 vs 23.3 10.6; P = .03) compared with controls. At baseline, patients with PCC showed preserved lung and heart function but had a 21% lower peak volume of oxygen consumption (mean difference: −6.8 mL/kg/min; 95% CI, −10.7 to −2.9 mL/kg/min; P lt; .001) and less isometric knee extension muscle strength (mean difference: −37 Nm; 95% CI, −67 to −7 Nm; P = .02) compared with controls. Patients with PCC spent 43% less time on moderate to vigorous physical activity (mean difference, −26.5 minutes/d; 95% CI, −42.0 to −11.1 minutes/d; P = .001). Of note, 4 patients with PCC (13%) had postural orthostatic tachycardia, and 18 of 29 (62%) showed signs of myopathy as determined by neurophysiologic testing. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, nonhospitalized patients with PCC generally tolerated exercise with preserved cardiovascular function but showed lower aerobic capacity and less muscle strength than the control group. They also showed signs of postural orthostatic tachycardia and myopathy. The findings suggest cautious exercise adoption could be recommended to prevent further skeletal muscle deconditioning and health impairment in patients with PCC. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05445830