Tailbeat perturbations improve swimming efficiency in self-propelled flapping foils

Recent studies have shown that superimposing rhythmic perturbations to oscillating tailbeats could simultaneously enhance both the thrust and efficiency (Lehn et al. , Phys. Rev. Fluids , vol. 2, 2017, p. 023101; Chao et al. , PNAS Nexus , vol. 3, 2024, p. 073). However, these investigations were conducted with a tethered flapping foil, overlooking the self-propulsion intrinsic to real swimming fish. Here, we investigate how the high-frequency, low-amplitude superimposed rhythmic perturbations impact the self-propelled pitching and heaving swimming of a rigid foil. The swimming-speed-based Reynolds number ranges from 1400 to 2700 in our study, depending on superimposed perturbations and swimming modes. Numerical results reveal that perturbations significantly increase swimming speeds in both pitching and heaving motions, while enhancing efficiency exclusively in the heaving motion. Further derived scaling laws elucidate the relationships of perturbations with speeds, power costs and efficiency, respectively. These findings not only hypothesise the potential advantages of perturbations in biological systems, but also inspire designs and controls in biomimetic propulsion and manoeuvring within aquatic environments.