A review: experimental and applied research of double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (DP-LIBS) is the most effective LIBS signal enhancement method widely used in various fields. Due to adding an extra laser pulse, DP-LIBS experiments have more possibilities for research. Since the proposal of DP-LIBS technology in 1998, researchers have devoted themselves to much research on DP-LIBS. Research on DP-LIBS has been more common and innovative in the last 5 years. This review aims to comprehensively analyze DP-LIBS's experimental research and application, focusing on the various studies conducted in this area. The latest advancements in DP-LIBS experiments are summarized, including the instruments studies (such as geometric configurations, experimental parameters, and conditions). It also discusses the mechanism of DP-LIBS and its combination with other enhancement methods and spectroscopies. Moreover, the application of DP-LIBS is categorized into five domains: geological exploration and environmental monitoring, metallurgical industry, energy industry, biological application, and other applications. The applications of DP-LIBS in various fields are further elaborated.