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This numerical simulation investigates the vertical convection of liquid metal with varying magnetic fields and wall conductivities. The applied horizontal magnetic field alters plume dynamics and topology, leading to a more coherent large-scale flow structure but weakening convection through Joule dissipation. This competition between rectification and magnetic damping determines the magnetic field's impact on heat transfer, with the quasi-two-dimensional state being the threshold. Our analysis demonstrates that while the plume area remains constant, condensation of coherent structures enhances horizontal heat transport per unit area, significantly improving overall heat transfer.
Zhu et al. (Mon,) studied this question.