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The Earth Critical Zone (ECZ) represents a complex interplay of chemical, biological, physical, and geological processes at the planet's surface, essential for maintaining the ecological balance vital for human existence. The impact of human activities on the ECZ is currently underexplored, posing challenges for sustainable future development. Here we delve into the effects of industrialization, urbanization, and technological progress on resource scarcity, environmental degradation, and the loss of biodiversity, which lead to profound shifts in the ECZ's dynamics. Despite the substantial human influence on terrestrial and marine ecosystems, opportunities for positive change through technological innovation, environmental policy formulation, and enhanced global governance are identified. Drawing on examples from developed and developing nations, we discuss the disparities in environmental management and the potential for achieving a harmonious balance between economic growth, social equity, and environmental preservation within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals. The paper advocates for integrated approaches to address climate change, biodiversity loss, and ecosystem degradation, calling for strengthened international cooperation and the adoption of green development strategies. We conclude that achieving sustainable coexistence between humans and the Earth necessitates collective efforts across all levels of society, leveraging technological advancements and policy interventions to foster a resilient and sustainable global ecosystem.
Zhou et al. (Thu,) studied this question.