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Platform work, which has recently emerged as a distinct employment technology in the post-industrial era, brought to the world by “Industry 4.0”, is not regulated by labour law or other branches of law in most European countries. The legal status of people working on digital labour platforms is uncertain. People employed online through the platform work at their own risk. They have no right to health care, social security, social and medical assistance, or the right to social assistance benefits. Labour is not a commodity, it is not a human service, it is not a technology. At the current state of knowledge, it is not clear exactly what European employment technologies are.
Andrzej Marian Świątkowski (Sun,) studied this question.