The interplay of recombination landscape, a transposable element and population history in European populations ofChironomus riparius

Abstract Genome resolution is often constrained for non-model species. This can be challenging for population genomic studies as estimations are highly dependent on the quality of the reference genome. This is the case for population history inferences where accuracy relies on the correct detection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and accurate recombination rates. Here, we utilize a novel long-read genome assembly of Chironomus riparius with high resolution at a chromosome-scale and reanalyse Illumina resequencing data of five European populations. With the model MSMC2, new population demographies were inferred and compared to an older study based on a fragmented genome. Assembly contiguity and completeness led to an increase in accuracy of past demography, suggesting the onset of divergence of an ancestral population between late Pleistocene and early Holocene. These estimates are additionally supported by paleotemperature data, which reveal significant climate shifts in Central Europe during these times. Recombination severely influences population history estimates. With the new reference genome, it was possible to resolve the recombination landscape on the genome-wide scale across different populations using the tool iSMC. Recombination and the dispersal of transposable elements (TEs) in the genome are suspected to influence each other. One TE, known as Cla -element, is suspected to be involved in the divergence of the different C. riparius populations. As it seems to be highly dynamic in the genome, its potential impact on the recombination landscape was explored. No global pattern could be detected which demonstrated a higher resistance of the recombination landscape to the impact of repetitive elements on genome integrity.