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Abstract Background For advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), combination therapies including a PD‐1 inhibitor plus chemotherapy or a PD‐1 inhibitor, CTLA‐4 inhibitor, and chemotherapy are standard first‐line options. However, data directly comparing these regimens are lacking. This study compared the efficacy of pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy (CP) against nivolumab plus ipilimumab and chemotherapy (CNI) in a real‐world setting. Methods In this multicenter retrospective study, we compared the efficacy and safety of CP and CNI as first‐line therapies in 182 patients with stage IIIB–IV NSCLC. Primary outcomes were overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS), while secondary outcomes included the response rate (RR) and safety profiles. Kaplan–Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards models were utilized for data analysis, adjusting for confounding factors such as age, gender, and PD‐L1 expression. Results In this study, 160 patients received CP, while 22 received CNI. The CP group was associated with significantly better PFS than the CNI group (median 11.7 vs. 6.6 months, HR 0.56, p = 0.03). This PFS advantage persisted after propensity score matching to adjust for imbalances. No significant OS differences were observed. Grade 3–4 adverse events occurred comparably, but immune‐related adverse events were numerically more frequent in the CNI group. Conclusions In real‐world practice, CP demonstrated superior PFS compared with CNI. These findings can inform treatment selection in advanced NSCLC.
Kaneko et al. (Thu,) studied this question.