Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Prediction Models Based on AI: Scoping Review

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a serious complication of mechanical ventilation therapy that affects patients' treatments and prognoses. Owing to its excellent data mining capabilities, artificial intelligence (AI) has been increasingly used to predict VAP. This paper reviews VAP prediction models that are based on AI, providing a reference for the early identification of high-risk groups in future clinical practice. A scoping review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines. The Wanfang database, the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase were searched to identify relevant articles. Study selection and data extraction were independently conducted by 2 reviewers. The data extracted from the included studies were synthesized narratively. Of the 137 publications retrieved, 11 were included in this scoping review. The included studies reported the use of AI for predicting VAP. All 11 studies predicted VAP occurrence, and studies on VAP prognosis were excluded. Further, these studies used text data, and none of them involved imaging data. Public databases were the primary sources of data for model building (studies: 6/11, 55%), and 5 studies had sample sizes of <1000. Machine learning was the primary algorithm for studying the VAP prediction models. However, deep learning and large language models were not used to construct VAP prediction models. The random forest model was the most commonly used model (studies: 5/11, 45%). All studies only performed internal validations, and none of them addressed how to implement and apply the final model in real-life clinical settings. This review presents an overview of studies that used AI to predict and diagnose VAP. AI models have better predictive performance than traditional methods and are expected to provide indispensable tools for VAP risk prediction in the future. However, the current research is in the model construction and validation stage, and the implementation of and guidance for clinical VAP prediction require further research.