Endovascular Treatment for Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis: Comparison among Different Endovascular Procedures

Background: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare, treatable cause of stroke. Even though CVST has an established medical treatment, 15% of patients remain refractory to treatment. These patients may be candidates for endovascular treatment (EVT), yet the selection of patients remains a challenge. The study aims to understand the profile and outcome of patients treated with EVT and the type of procedure associated with good outcomes. Methods: This is a single-center, retrospective analysis of CVST patients who underwent EVT from 2009 till 2022. Patients who received only medical management were excluded. Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) ≤2 at 3 months was taken as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes assessed were hospital stay, death, recurrence, mRS ≤ 2 at discharge, and angiographic recanalization. Results: Fifty-two patients were included. Twenty-eight (53.8%) were males; the mean age was 33.3 ± 12.3 years. Headache ( n = 44, 84.6%) predominated among the symptoms. The common risk factors were anemia ( n = 13, 25.5%) and hyperhomocysteinemia ( n = 13, 25.5%). Worsening of sensorium ( n = 21, 40.3%) and non-improvement of symptoms ( n = 15, 28.8%) were the common indications for the procedure. Twenty-five (48.1%) people underwent in situ thrombolysis (IST). Death occurred in eight (15.3%) patients. Thirty-six (73.5%; 36/49) patients had a good outcome at 3 months. IST had a significantly better outcome (mRS ≤ 2, n = 20, 80%) compared to other procedures ( P = 0.04). Hospital stay was lesser in the IST subgroup, but without statistical significance. Midline shift >5 mm (odds ratio OR 6.8 1.5–30.9, P = 0.01) and Glasgow Coma Scale <9 before the procedure (OR 27.2 3.1–236.4, P = 0.002) predicted bad outcomes at 3 months. Female gender (OR 4.5 1.07–8.8, P = 0.03), presence of altered sensorium (OR 10.2 1.2–87.5, P = 0.01), encephalopathic syndrome ( P = 0.02), presence of parenchymal bleed (OR 3.7 0.9–4.5, P = 0.04), and midline shift (OR 4.8 1.1–20.2, P = 0.03) were associated with poor outcome at discharge. Conclusion: EVT yielded good outcomes in carefully selected, medically refractory patients of CVST. IST performed well compared to other procedures.