Highly‐accelerated CEST MRI using frequency‐offset‐dependent k‐space sampling and deep‐learning reconstruction

Abstract Purpose To develop a highly accelerated CEST Z‐spectral acquisition method using a specifically‐designed k‐space sampling pattern and corresponding deep‐learning‐based reconstruction. Methods For k‐space down‐sampling, a customized pattern was proposed for CEST, with the randomized probability following a frequency‐offset‐dependent (FOD) function in the direction of saturation offset. For reconstruction, the convolution network (CNN) was enhanced with a Partially Separable (PS) function to optimize the spatial domain and frequency domain separately. Retrospective experiments on a self‐acquired human brain dataset (13 healthy adults and 15 brain tumor patients) were conducted using k‐space resampling. The prospective performance was also assessed on six healthy subjects. Results In retrospective experiments, the combination of FOD sampling and PS network (FOD + PSN) showed the best quantitative metrics for reconstruction, outperforming three other combinations of conventional sampling with varying density and a regular CNN (nMSE and SSIM, p < 0.001 for healthy subjects). Across all acceleration factors from 4 to 14, the FOD + PSN approach consistently outperformed the comparative methods in four contrast maps including MTR asym , MTR rex , as well as the Lorentzian Difference maps of amide and nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE). In the subspace replacement experiment, the error distribution demonstrated the denoising benefits achieved in the spatial subspace. Finally, our prospective results obtained from healthy adults and brain tumor patients (14×) exhibited the initial feasibility of our method, albeit with less accurate reconstruction than retrospective ones. Conclusion The combination of FOD sampling and PSN reconstruction enabled highly accelerated CEST MRI acquisition, which may facilitate CEST metabolic MRI for brain tumor patients.