A survey of the smart city data security and privacy-preserving approaches in the Internet of Things

The rapid expansion of IoT technology has given rise to smart cities, but their complex architecture poses security challenges at various levels. This paper introduces a systematic literature review method to investigate privacy and security in IoT-based smart cities, analyzing research from 2016-2023. We present a taxonomy based on smart city architecture, categorizing privacy and security into low, middle, and high levels. This study reviews and categorizes articles, discusses their findings, methods, benefits, and drawbacks, and highlights future research areas in smart city security and privacy.