Environment and management jointly shape the spatial patterns of plant species diversity of moist grasslands in the mountains of northeastern Yunnan

Grasslands account for about a quarter of the Earth's land area and are one of the major terrestrial ecosystems, with significant ecological and economic value. The influence of environmental factors and management types on grassland biodiversity has garnered considerable attention. This study investigated how patterns of species richness are influenced by geographical distance, environmental gradients, and management type in the grasslands of northeastern Yunnan, China. We used structural equation modeling to disentangle the impacts of environment and management on phylogenetic community structure, and partial Mantel tests to estimate the roles of dispersal limitation and environmental filtering on taxonomic and phylogenetic beta diversity of three types of grasslands. Our results show that taxonomic alpha diversity increased in grazed grasslands and decreased in mowed grasslands, compared with protected grasslands. However, the phylogenetic structure of both grazed and mowed grassland communities was clustered, whereas that of protected communities was random. Moreover, both grazing and mowing significantly reduced the taxonomic and phylogenetic beta diversity of grasslands, with the lowest values observed in mowed grasslands. Both taxonomic and phylogenetic beta diversity were dominated by species turnover under different management types. The taxonomic and phylogenetic beta diversities of protected and grazed grasslands were simultaneously affected by environmental filtering and dispersal limitation, with the later playing a stronger role. In addition, mowing and related management measures had a stronger filtering effect on grassland community structure, as reflected by changes in community composition.