Modeling and optimization of a high-efficiency lead-free perovskite solar cell structure by selecting optimal electron and hole transport layer

A novel lead-free perovskite solar cell structure with solid-state layers of glass/FTO/TiO ₂ /MASnBr ₃ /CuI/Au has been developed and optimized using SCAPS-1D simulation software. A lead-free perovskite material (CH 3 NH 3 SnBr 3) has been utilized as the absorber layer. The majority of the transport layers examined in this study are composed of inorganic materials in order to minimize expenses and enhance efficiency. For electron and hole transport layers, several materials are being studied. After extensive simulation, the electron transport layers (ETLs) and hole transport layers (HTLs) are selected. Following the optimization of the thickness of the ETLs, HTLs, and most importantly the absorber layer, the doping concentrations of the HTLs, ETLs, and absorber layers are also investigated. Investigations have also been done into the maximum permitted defect density in all the transport, and absorber layers. Short circuit current density (J sc), open circuit voltage (V oc), and fill factor (FF) for the optimized structure are 32. 7409 mA/cm 2, 1. 15514 V, and 89. 27%, respectively with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 33. 32%. A cost-effective, efficient, and stable perovskite PV cell structure is anticipated to be implemented in the future using the simulated results of the suggested configuration.