Utilizing Kaolin-Based Geopolymer Catalysts for Improved Doura Vacuum Residue Cracking

This study investigates the potential of an economically viable and environmentallyfriendly Geopolymer catalyst for cracking Vacuum Residual (VR) as a non-traditional, renewable global transportation fuel. Hierarchically porous Geopolymerwas synthesized using two types of kaolin, comprising 60% Red kaolin geopolymerand 40% Red kaolin geopolymer. Hydrochloric acid (2M) leaching was employed onthe geopolymer to assess its impact on the active site, crucial forenhanced adsorption capacity and catalyst suitability. Characterization using XRF,XRD, FTIR, and BET revealed significant differences in Si/Al ratios and iron contentbetween the two geopolymer compositions, influencing the cracking process. FTIRspectroscopy indicated acid sites, while BET analysis confirmed distinct surfaceareas: 38.24 m 2 /g for 60% Red kaolin geopolymer and 28.56 m 2 /g for 40% Red kaolingeopolymer. Liquid products obtained from the 60% Red kaolin geopolymer catalystdisplayed a broad carbon range (C 5 -C 24 ) with notable concentrations of Dodecane. Theyields included 33% for gasoline (C 5 -C 10 ) and 53.42% for kerosene and jet fuel (C 10 -C 16 ). Similarly, the 40% Red kaolin geopolymer catalyst yielded liquid products witha wide carbon range (C 8 -C 24 ), featuring a higher concentration of 1-Tridecene (C 13 H 26 ).Notably, the 40% Red kaolin geopolymer catalyst produced higher quantities ofgasoline at 23% yield and kerosene and jet fuel at 59.74% yield.Overall, the study underscores the novel role of Geopolymer as an environmentallyfriendly and cost-effective cracking catalyst.