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The World Trade Organization (WTO) was formed in 1995. The WTO is an intergovernmental organization with the aim of promoting increasingly open trade between nations by reducing or eliminating tariff and non-tariff barriers. Indonesia is one of the members of the WTO. One of Indonesia's flagship products is Nickel. Currently, nickel is in demand as one of the components in the production of lithium-ion batteries. Indonesia is one of the world's largest producers of nickel. Through the mandate of the Mineral and Coal Law No. 4 of 2009 and its implementing regulations, the Indonesian government has imposed a halt on the export of nickel ore. The European Union, as the recipient of these exports, has raised objections and filed a complaint with the WTO. Indonesia faced defeat in the ruling of the case. Consequently, Indonesia has filed an appeal against the loss. Therefore, what are the provisions of International Trade Law regarding the unilateral cessation of Nickel Ore exports by the Indonesian government to the European Union, and how should the Indonesian government address the complaint regarding the restriction on nickel ore exports to the European Union.
Sutrisno et al. (Wed,) studied this question.