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Abstract Natural organisms offer a rich source for the construction of soft robots exhibiting autonomous and intelligent behaviors, encompassing attributes like motion, perception, and adaptability to environmental shifts. Drawing inspiration from these biological models, a multitude of soft robots have emerged, each distinguished by unique structures and functionalities enabling diverse actions, including swimming, crawling, swinging, walking, and tumbling. In this review, several soft robots and their motion modes from the perspective of specific native species are addressed. The actuation methods of soft robots are discussed, encompassing chemical, electrical, ultrasonic, optical, and magnetic actuation mechanisms. Furthermore, the application domains of soft robots, encompassing areas such as vessel recanalization, targeted drug delivery, cargo manipulation, and sensing are explored, providing a concise summary of their roles and potentials. The current challenges encountered in this research field are highlighted, and promising directions pertaining to soft robots are emphasized.
Ye et al. (Tue,) studied this question.