India onshore wind energy atlas accounting for altitude and land use restrictions and co-located solar

India faces the simultaneous challenges of meeting rising energy demand and reducing carbon emissions. To address these, India must transition to renewable energy sources. This study provides high-resolution maps that quantify available areas for wind farms, accounting for wind speeds at multiple altitudes between 100 and 200 m and excluding infrastructure, sensitive land use, and unsuitable terrain. Results indicate that, with wind speeds greater than 5 m/s at 150 m above ground level, 23% (∼750,300 km2) of India's land area is available. This equates to ∼18,300 TWh/y produced using modern wind turbines, more than twice that needed to meet India's 2050 energy demand upon electrification of all energy. In addition, 117,700 TWh/y of solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind resources are available when the two are co-located. This atlas can facilitate strategic site selection, reducing time, cost, and uncertainty in the renewable energy development process in India.