Achieving health equity through conversational AI: A roadmap for design and implementation of inclusive chatbots in healthcare

Background The rapid evolution of conversational and generative artificial intelligence (AI) has led to the increased deployment of AI tools in healthcare settings. While these conversational AI tools promise efficiency and expanded access to healthcare services, there are growing concerns ethically, practically and in terms of inclusivity. This study aimed to identify activities which reduce bias in conversational AI and make their designs and implementation more equitable. Methods A qualitative research approach was employed to develop an analytical framework based on the content analysis of 17 guidelines about AI use in clinical settings. A stakeholder consultation was subsequently conducted with a total of 33 ethnically diverse community members, AI designers, industry experts and relevant health professionals to further develop a roadmap for equitable design and implementation of conversational AI in healthcare. Framework analysis was conducted on the interview data. Results A 10-stage roadmap was developed to outline activities relevant to equitable conversational AI design and implementation phases: 1) Conception and planning, 2) Diversity and collaboration, 3) Preliminary research, 4) Co-production, 5) Safety measures, 6) Preliminary testing, 7) Healthcare integration, 8) Service evaluation and auditing, 9) Maintenance, and 10) Termination. Discussion We have made specific recommendations to increase conversational AI’s equity as part of healthcare services. These emphasise the importance of a collaborative approach and the involvement of patient groups in navigating the rapid evolution of conversational AI technologies. Further research must assess the impact of recommended activities on chatbots’ fairness and their ability to reduce health inequalities.