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To avoid carbonate precipitation for CO2 electrolysis, developing CO2 conversion in an acid electrolyte is viewed as an ultimately challenging technology. In Nature, Xia et al. recently explored a proton-exchange membrane system for reducing CO2 to formic acid with a Pb-PbSO4 composite catalyst derived from waste lead-acid batteries based on the lattice carbon activation mechanism. Up to 93% Faradaic efficiency was realized when formic acid was produced by this technology.
Qi et al. (Sun,) studied this question.