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Abstract: Over the centuries, the religious images and discourse that shaped the image of the Other affected the intricate web of relations between Jews and non- Jews, generating a range of attitudes toward non- Jews in various periods and locations. Interestingly, several eastern European kabbalistic homilies reveal a moderate approach toward non- Jews, arguing for an essential spiritual partnership. Their authors adopted esoteric traditions that diverge from the radically polemical, negative attitude of the Zohar and the kabbalists of sixteenth- century Safed, according to which the non- Jew is the ultimate Other: evil, impure, and even demonic. Despite the important role of the Safed traditions in molding kabbalistic thought, these kabbalists propounded ideas found in works by the circle of Sefer Ha- temunah. These texts served as the basis on which some eastern European kabbalists justified a new attitude toward the surrounding non- Jews, making them spiritual partners in the messianic process.
Roee Goldschmidt (Mon,) studied this question.