Lichen Sclerosus—Incidence and Comorbidity: A Nationwide Swedish Register Study

Background: Data on the incidence and comorbidity of Lichen sclerosus (LS), based on validated nationwide population-based registries, remains scarce. Objective: To explore the incidence and association of comorbidities with LS in Sweden, emphasizing its potential links to malignancies and autoimmune disorders. Methods: A population-based retrospective open cohort study was conducted using the National Patient Register to identify all individuals diagnosed with LS (ICD-10 code L90.0) from 1 January 2001 to 1 January 2021. The study included 154,424 LS patients and a sex and age matched control group of 463,273 individuals to assess the incidence and odds ratios for various cancers and premalignant conditions. Results: The incidence of LS in Sweden was 80.9 per 100,000 person per year, with higher incidence in females (114.4) than in males (47.2). LS patients showed an increased odds ratio for vulvar cancer (OR = 8.3; 95% CI = 7.5–9.0), penile cancer (OR = 8.9; 95% CI = 7.3–11.0), prostate cancer (OR = 1.2; 95% CI = 1.1–1.2), testicular cancer (OR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.1–1.7), bladder cancer (OR = 1.1; 95% CI = 1.1–1.2), breast cancer (OR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.3–1.4), leukoplakia of the vulva (OR = 253.5; 95% CI = 221.9–289.6), and leukoplakia of the penis (OR = 5.1; 95% CI = 4.9–5.4). Conclusions: This study underscores the significantly increased association of various cancers and premalignant conditions in LS patients, highlighting the critical need for efficacious treatment and diligent follow-up. The association between LS and autoimmune diseases further necessitates comprehensive investigation to understand the underlying mechanisms and clinical management implications. Future research is essential to confirm these findings and elucidate the role of LS in cancer development.