Marx and the many lives of Marxism in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries

At the turn of the century, pioneers of poststructuralist analysis in the US called for a radical and, as they argued, urgently needed upgrade of historians' theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of history. Marxist epistemologies of the British and American schools of social history that had come to dominate the postwar decades were reprimanded for their entrenchment in flatfooted materialist determinism and naive disregard of what one scholar called 'constitutive powers of culture' in people's lives. By the beginning of the new century, even those who wrote to counter these critics could not help but agree that Marxism had become a 'name for everything that now seemed to have been superseded'. In the counter-plot I am proposing, far from being superseded, historical theory and methodology that were developed by Marxist scholars in the second half of the twentieth century play a defining even if unacknowledged role in the making of contemporary fields of social and cultural history in the US.