Multiple papules on dark skin on capillitium and face

Steel-concrete composite box girders offer notable advantages such as high stiffness, excellent torsional performance, and light self-weight, making them prevalent in large-span bridges, particularly in cable-stayed configurations. However, a persistent challenge arises from the shear lag effect in the concrete slab within the flanges induced by shearing interactions between the webs and flanges. Limited attention has been devoted to investigating the experimental and theoretical aspects of shear lag in long-span cable-stayed bridges with twin box-shaped composite girders. This research addresses this gap by designing a segmental scale twin box-shaped composite model specimen to simulate the cable spacing of the main girder in a cable-stayed bridge, specifically targeting the shear-lag effect. The study successfully captures the non-uniform distribution of cross-sectional strain in the top concrete slab. Subsequently, analytical strain solutions for the composite girder under mid-span concentrated load and axial load are derived using the energy variation method. The theoretical model's applicability is then calibrated against experimental results. The investigation extends to the in-situ testing of the Chibi Yangtze River Bridge, the world's largest steel-concrete composite girder cable-stayed bridge, boasting a main span of up to 720 m. An established finite element (FE) analysis model for the Chibi Yangtze River Bridge simulates the transverse stress distribution under typical construction conditions of CC6. Comparative analyses between the simulated results, calculated values from elementary beam theory, and the theoretical model against field-measured values reveal that the FE model provides a more accurate estimation of the shear lag effect in the concrete slab. Notably, the FE model effectively reflects the bridge's characteristics and serves as a baseline for subsequent studies. This comprehensive investigation contributes significantly to the understanding and analysis of shear lag phenomena in twin box composite girders of cable-stayed bridges. The integration of experimental, analytical, and construction site validations establishes robust tools for engineering design and the construction of safe and serviceable cable-stayed bridges. The research augments knowledge regarding shear lag behavior and underscores the necessity to appropriately consider its effects in bridge analysis and design.