Rational design of NiO nanoflakes and porous GCN nanocomposite for synergic effectiveness on photocatalytic degradation of industry effluents and biological activity

Nanotechnology can alter matter at the nanoscale and generate new materials, gadgets, and technologies with unique features and functions, revolutionizing medicine, energy, electronics, and materials science. This study synthesizes nickel oxide nanoflowers utilizing Strychnos potatorum seed extract as reducing and stabilizing agents in an eco-friendly way. The porous GCN and NiO nanocomposite enhances NiO for multifunctional capabilities. UV–Vis, FTIR, EDX, XRD, and FESEM were used to synthesize and characterize NiO nanoflowers. Further synthesized bimetallic nanoparticles were tested for antibacterial, antioxidant, and catalytic properties. It showed increased antioxidant activity, CV and RB dye degradation, and antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E.Coli. Scavenging was enriched with nanoparticles. The highest degradation rate was 98.2% for CV dye in 90 min. Nanoparticle concertation at 100 µl/mL inhibited E.Coli the most (18 mm). NiO nanoflowers and NiO-GCN nanocomposite synthesized from Strychnos potatorum seed extract may be a novel antioxidant, antibacterial, and catalytic agent for industrial dye-contaminated wastewater.