Air Pollution and Covid-19

Air quality stands out as an important determinant of health, as its degradation was associated with around 4.2 million premature deaths in 2019, primarily due to heart and respiratory problems. It is shown that the elderly, the children, and individuals with pre-existing health conditions are simultaneously more sensitive to the impacts of air pollution and Covid-19, due to their fragile immune systems. Scientific evidence has shown the consequences of exposure to air pollutants to respiratory system diseases, emphasizing that it could be an important factor in explaining the spatial pattern of Covid-19 incidence and mortality. The aim of this study is to analyze the spatial association between air pollutant PM₂.₅ and the incidence and mortality of Covid-19 during March and December of 2020 in mainland Portugal. Weighted geographical models (GWR), were applied to identify and understand patterns, as well as explanatory factors in this relationship. The results obtained through the GWR models reveal that the pollutant PM₂.₅ has an association that varies in space. The incidence rate is higher in the southern, central, and northern regions of the country. The results of this study contribute to the analysis and assessment of the impact of air pollutants on human health, specifically in relation to health outcomes associated with Covid-19. It became evident that the concentration of PM₂.₅ is an important factor in explaining Covid-19 incidence rate in Portugal.