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Background: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing in Hispanic or Latino adults. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) score to identify current risk of T2D was developed with limited Hispanic or Latino representation. Therefore, we sought to validate the ADA score in a cohort of Hispanic or Latino adults. Methods: At enrollment in the Sangre Por Salud Biobank, 3,625 Hispanic or Latino adults from Phoenix, Arizona completed a baseline questionnaire. Current risk of undiagnosed T2D was based on non-laboratory risk factors and ADA score ≥5 (Table). Participants also completed T2D screening (ie, fasting glucose, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test, and/or hemoglobin A1c). Undiagnosed T2D was based on 'no self-reported T2D but meeting T2D diagnostic’ criteria. Multivariable logistic regression analyzed associations of ADA risk factors and undiagnosed T2D, and model performance was based on sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). Results: At enrollment, 7.3% of participants had undiagnosed T2D (n=265/3,625). In multivariable analysis, most risk factors described for the ADA score were significantly associated with T2D, except for sex, which showed no association. ADA score ≥5 had sensitivity 50%, specificity 79%, PPV 18%, and NPV 95%. However, ADA score ≥4 had sensitivity 72%, specificity 61%, PPV 14%, and NPV 96%. ADA score ≥4 vs ≥5 identified 22% (n=59) additional cases of undiagnosed T2D. Furthermore, using the revised definition for elevated blood pressure (>120/80 mmHg) vs ≥140/90 mmHg (current ADA score) further improved the ADA score ≥4 (sensitivity 81%; specificity 52%). Other scores had lower performance using both hypertension definitions. Conclusion: In Hispanic or Latino adults, a lower ADA score than currently recommended identified additional cases of undiagnosed T2D. The ADA score requires validation and recalibration, including for the updated hypertension guidelines.
Varghese et al. (Tue,) studied this question.