Restoration of open ecosystems in the face of climate change

Open ecosystems occur all around the world in various forms including temperate and tropical grasslands, savannas, shrublands, heathlands, among others. They are home to unique biodiversity, provide key ecosystem services and sustain traditional livelihoods of nearly two billion people. In the face of ongoing climate change, practitioners aiming to restore open ecosystems need the support of the scientific community more than ever. The aim of this Special Issue (SI) is to provide an attention-grabbing collection of high-quality publications addressing the growing challenges of open ecosystems restoration. The SI contains 14 papers that fill various, often interdisciplinary knowledge gaps. Three papers deal with the challenges of identifying the right target states, including the genetic composition of constituting plant species, for restoration under changing environmental conditions and competing stakeholder interests. Five papers advance our understanding on the appropriate timing and methodological toolkit to actively ignite re-assembly of the target plant communities, while two papers focus on situations where spontaneous processes can still also be relied on. The interaction of open ecosystems health and recovery with higher trophic levels, particularly grazers, is also discussed in three papers. Finally, a review paper systematically identifies further knowledge gaps, such as the role of soil microbes in grassland recovery and makes clear guidelines how to fill them. Due to the variety of topics and the rigorous content, this SI provides strong support for open ecosystems restoration policy and practice under the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration and beyond.