Possible complications associated with the use of cyanoacrylate obliteration in patients with varicose veins

The problem of finding an ideal method for the correction of vertical venous reflux in lower extremity varicose disease is highly relevant due to the rapid development of technologies and the opening of new treatment methods, including minimally invasive ones. According to many researchers, the main parameters for choosing the optimal surgical technique should be low invasiveness, compliance with the anatomical, including ultrasound, picture, the possibility of using local anesthesia, taking into account concomitant pathology and individual intolerance of various drugs by patients, effectiveness of venous vessel obliteration, and minimal risk of possible complications. The review considers a comparative characterization of endovascular treatment methods for varicose disease, as well as lists the main possible complications of each of them. In terms of obliteration effectiveness and the least pronounced complications, the leading position is occupied by the method of cyanoacrylate obliteration. There is an increasing amount of information in the literature about the use of cyanoacrylate composite in the treatment of lower extremity varicose disease. Since this method is relatively new, the number of publications describing complications of this procedure is increasing. We describe a number of specific adverse events that occur during this surgery (extravasation of cyanoacrylate composite with the formation of aseptic granulomas and, in some cases, phlebitis-like phenomena, formation of rigid subcutaneous bands limiting mobility in the knee joint, migration of cyanoacrylate into the deep venous system of the lower extremities), possible mechanisms of their occurrence, and various approaches to treatment. Special attention is paid to proximal migration of cyanoacrylate composite into the area of the saphenofemoral junction, with a description of a specific clinical case and a discussion of further management tactics for this category of patients.