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Elevated levels of endothelin-1 (ET-1), overactivation of the ET A receptor and oxidative stress are critical in the development of hypertensive kidney disease. Females are more resistant than males to kidney damage; however, it is unclear if overactivation of the ET A receptor disrupts mitochondrial homeostasis similarly in both sexes. With these studies we aimed to determine if overactivation of the ET-1/ET A axis has a differential effect on mitochondrial homeostasis in the male and female kidney during high salt consumption. Male and female ET B deficient (ET B def) and transgenic (TG) control rats were placed on a high salt diet (4.0% NaCl) for 3 weeks. Kidneys were collected and the expression of 84 mitochondria-related genes in renal cortex and outer medulla was assessed with qRT-PCR arrays. In response to high salt, male ET B def rats displayed cortical overexpression of 13 genes when compared to male TG controls, while only 7 genes were upregulated in cortex of female ET B def rats compared to female TG controls. Genes upregulated in male ET B def rats are involved in apoptosis, mitochondrial biogenesis and transport, energy metabolism and ROS handling (selected genes, male ET B def vs. TG controls, n=3/group: Ucp1 (19-fold increase, p=0.03), Bnip3 and Scl25a21 (6-fold, p=0.003 and p=0.004, respectively), and Mfn1 (5-fold, p=0.03). Genes upregulated in females are involved in apoptosis, ROS handling and mitochondrial transport (selected examples, female ET B def vs. TG control, n=3/group: 2-fold increase in Sod1 (p=0.03), Akt1 (p=0.003) and Grpel1 (p=0.019). No common genes were changed between the sexes. When comparisons were made in the outer medulla, we found that deficiency of the ET B receptor in males resulted in a ≥30% reduction in the expression of 29 genes involved in apoptosis, mitochondrial biogenesis and transport, energy metabolism, ROS handling and other mitochondrial functions (p<0.05). On the other hand, the expression of 8 genes involved in mitochondrial transport and apoptosis was reduced by ≥80% in the female ET B def rat outer medulla vs. TG controls, while 3 genes involved in mitochondrial transport and energy metabolism had a 2-fold overexpression (p<0.05). Altogether, our results demonstrate that salt-sensitive hypertension affects mitochondrial homeostasis differentially in distinct regions of the kidney, and that the male and female kidney respond to salt in a disparate manner: with overactivation of the ET-1/ET A axis resulting in greater dysregulation of mitochondria-related genes in the male versus the female kidney during a high salt diet. Funded by UAB-UCSD O’Brien Center Summer Research Pathway for Students P30 DK079337 and KURE R25 DK115353 to BSM, NIGMS UAB CORD BBRT to GJC, and NIH K01HL145324 and Sapphire North America Return to Science Research grant to CDM. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.
Miranda et al. (Wed,) studied this question.