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A well-developed soil structure is crucial for a fertile soil and rules its influence on the ecosystem. Slight variations in the way soil components are organized and connected can greatly impact the soil mechanical and hydraulic characteristics. However, these features are challenging to measure at a scale that is relevant for agricultural management. In this study, we assess the capability of two seismic geophysical methods, i.e. Seismic Refraction Tomography and Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves, to monitor the effects of compaction on agricultural bare soil. The purpose is to highlight the different mechanical response caused both by soil plastic deformation and soil water distribution due to increasing compaction. Results demonstrate that both geophysical techniques provide sufficient information to capture the effects of soil compaction and distinguish its significance, while traditional direct measurements, being punctual, lack sufficient spatial coverage. P-wave velocities carry a strong imprint of soil compaction, provided by seismic refraction, incorporating the information given by the multiphase medium in its entirety. On the other hand, S-wave velocity derived from Surface Waves discriminates the effect of solid matrix structure. This work, moreover, aims to pave the way for seismic methods to spatially characterize compaction at field scale, illustrating its potential and suggesting possible developments.
Carrera et al. (Tue,) studied this question.