Critical and strategic raw materials for electrolysers, fuel cells, metal hydrides and hydrogen separation technologies

This paper provides an in-depth examination of critical and strategic raw materials (CRMs) and their crucial role in the development of electrolyzer and fuel cell technologies within the hydrogen economy. It methodically analyses a range of electrolyzer technologies, including alkaline, proton-exchange membrane, solid-oxide, anion-exchange membrane, and proton-conducting ceramic systems. Each technology is examined for its specific CRM dependencies, operational characteristics, and the challenges associated with CRM availability and sustainability. The study further extends to hydrogen storage and separation technologies, focusing on the materials employed in high-pressure cylinders, metal hydrides, and hydrogen separation processes, and their CRM implications. A key aspect of this paper is its exploration of the supply and demand dynamics of CRMs, offering a comprehensive view that encompasses both the present sttate and future projections. The aim is to uncover potential supply risks, understand strategies, and identify potential bottlenecks for materials involved in electrolyzer and fuel cell technologies, addressing both current needs and future demands as well as supply. This approach is essential for the strategic planning and sustainable development of the hydrogen sector, emphasizing the importance of CRMs in achieving expanded electrolyzer capacity leading up to 2050.