Press Freedom In Asian Countries (2010-2023): A Systematic Literature Review.

This review article critically discusses empirical studies on journalistic freedom in Asia. We evaluate how the degree of journalistic freedom differs in these countries and the factors responsible for it. Authorities restricting freedom of speech and media for state security, protection of morality or public order is common. Journalistic freedom is impossible in many countries because of fear, threats, bans, surveillance and imprisonments. Rapid erosion of the business models has created the atmosphere of uncertainty for the journalists and corporatization of the media has deepened a crisis in the freedom of journalists. The watchdog role of journalists regarding the powerful economic and corporate actors is subordinated to the organizational and financial interests of the media house. Socio-cultural aspects and technological changes also play an essential role in journalistic freedom. The available research indicates that censorship and self-censorship are common practices in Asian countries. The literature suggests an atmosphere of scepticism between mainstream journalists and independent journalists. Studies also show that journalists are treated differently based on minority status or foreign origin, and Western countries are selective while supporting press freedom in Asian Countries. We also propose a research agenda for future studies.