Identifying hub genes in response to ustekinumab and the impact of ustekinumab treatment on fibrosis in Crohn’s disease

Introduction Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease. Approximately 50% of patients with CD progressed from inflammation to fibrosis. Currently, there are no effective drugs for treating intestinal fibrosis. Biologic therapies for CD such as ustekinumab have benefited patients; however, up to 30% of patients with CD have no response to initial treatment, and the effect of ustekinumab on intestinal fibrosis is still uncertain. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the predictive factors of ustekinumab treatment response and the effect of ustekinumab on intestinal fibrosis. Materials and methods Public datasets—GSE207465 (blood samples) and GSE112366 and GSE207022 (intestinal samples)—were downloaded and analyzed individually (unmerged) based on the treatment response. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by the “limma” R package and changes in immune cell infiltration were determined by the “CIBERSORT” R package in both blood and intestinal samples at week 0 (before treatment). To find predictive factors of ustekinumab treatment response, the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) R package was used to identify hub genes in GSE112366. Hub genes were then verified in GSE207022, and a prediction model was built by random forest algorithm. Furthermore, fibrosis-related gene changes were analyzed in ileal samples before and after treatment with ustekinumab. Results (1) Our analysis found that MUC1 , DUOX2 , LCN2 , and PDZK1IP1 were hub genes in GSE112366. GSE207022 revealed that MUC1 (AUC:0.761), LCN2 (AUC:0.79), and PDZK1IP1 (AUC:0.731) were also lower in the response group. Moreover, the random forest model was shown to have strong predictive capabilities in identifying responders (AUC = 0.875). To explore the relationship between intestinal tissue and blood, we found that ITGA4 had lower expression in the intestinal and blood samples of responders. The expression of IL18R1 is also lower in responders’ intestines. IL18 , the ligand of IL18R1 , was also found to have lower expression in the blood samples from responders vs. non-responders. (2) GSE112366 revealed a significant decrease in fibrosis-related module genes ( COL4A1 , TUBB6 , IFITM2 , SERPING1 , DRAM1 , NAMPT , MMP1 , ZEB2 , ICAM1 , PFKFB3 , and ACTA2 ) and fibrosis-related pathways (ECM–receptor interaction and PI3K-AKT pathways) after ustekinumab treatment. Conclusion MUC1 , LCN2 , and PDZK1IP1 were identified as hub genes in intestinal samples, with lower expression indicating a positive prediction of ustekinumab treatment response. Moreover, ITGA4 and IL18/IL18R1 may be involved in the treatment response in blood and intestinal samples. Finally, ustekinumab treatment was shown to significantly alter fibrotic genes and pathways.