Molecular characterization of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESβL) and quinolone (QNR) resistance genes in Escherichia Coli isolated from cloaca swabs of wild birds and poultry droppings in Jos Metropolis

Background: The global spread of antibiotic resistance poses a significant threat, with multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria emerging as a major concern. This study focuses on the prevalence and resistance patterns of Escherichia coli in both wild birds and poultry, recognizing the potential reservoirs of antibiotic-resistance genes in avian populations. Aim: The primary aim is to assess and compare the microbial ecology, antibiotic resistance profiles, and the occurrence of resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates from wild birds and poultry in Jos metropolis, Nigeria. Methods: Avian samples (21) were collected from diverse species of wild birds and various poultry sites (13) in the study area. Cloacal swabs from wild birds and poultry droppings were analyzed for bacterial colonization and antibiotic resistance patterns. The samples underwent culture on selective media, and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed. Molecular characterization involved the detection of resistance genes using PCR and Agarose Gel Electrophoresis. Results: Results from the study showed that 4 out of 21 (19.05%) of wild bird samples and 6 out of 13 (46.15%) of poultry samples tested positive for Escherichia coli. Antibiotic resistance testing revealed multidrug resistance in all strains. Multidrug resistance occurred in 10/10 strains (100%). Molecular analysis identified the presence of β-lactam (blaTEM) gene in one isolate from poultry birds, while the quinolone (qnrS) resistance genes were present in both poultry and wild birds' isolates. Conclusion: This study revealed 19.05% and 46.15% occurrences of E. coli in wild birds and poultry birds' samples respectively. The quinolone resistance genes (Qnr) were observed in all wild birds and poultry isolates, while the ESBL (BlaTEM) gene was observed in one poultry bird isolate. The Observed disparities in antimicrobial resistance genes between wild birds and poultry samples underscore the complexity of antibiotic resistance dynamics in diverse avian environments.