Scaling laws for optimized power-law fluid flow in self-similar tree-like branching networks

The power-law fluid flow in tree-like self-similar branching networks is prevalent throughout the natural world and also finds numerous applications in technology such as oil recovery and microfluidic devices. We investigate analysis of optimal power-law fluid flow conditions and the optimal structures within tree-like branching networks, focusing on maximizing flow conductance under the constraint of the network tube’s volume and the surface area. The study considered fully developed laminar power-law fluid flow regimes without considering any losses in the network system. A key observation was the sensitivity of the dimensionless effective flow conductance to the network’s geometrical parameters. We found that the maximum flow conductance occurs when a dimensionless radius ratio β∗ satisfies the equation β∗=N−1/3 and β∗=N−(n+1)/(3n+2) under constrained tube-volume and surface-area, respectively. Here, N represents the bifurcation number of branches splitting at each junction, and n is the fluid power-law index. We further find that this optimal condition occurs when pressure drops are equipartition across each branching level. We validated our results with various experimental results and theories under limiting conditions. Further, Hess–Murray’s law is justified and extended for the shear-thinning and shear-thickening fluid flows for an arbitrary number of branches N. Further, in this study, we also derive the relationships between the geometrical and flow characteristics of the parent and daughter tubes as well as the generalized scaling laws at the optimal conditions for the other essential parameters such as tube-wall stresses, length ratios, mean velocities, tube-volume, and surface-area of the tube distributing within the networks. We find that the fluid power-law index n does not influence the constrained tube-volume scaling at the optimal conditions; however, the scaling laws vary with n under the constrained tube’s surface area. These findings offer valuable design principles for developing efficient transport and flow systems.