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Biomarkers play a pivotal role in monitoring the ecological integrity of aquatic environments. They offer valuable insights into the impacts of pollutants and environmental stressors on the health and ecological integrity of aquatic ecosystems. By assessing changes in biomarker levels or activities, scientists can effectively identify and quantify the exposure to and effects of contaminants. This review illustrates different types and classes of biomarkers and their application to understanding how pollutants affect organisms at molecular, cellular, and organismal levels. In addition, integrating biomarkers with ecological assessments is discussed, emphasizing the importance of considering multiple levels of biological organization in environmental monitoring. Additionally, this review discusses recent advancements in biomarker research through the development of novel biomarkers, integration of omics technologies, bioinformatics, real-time monitoring, integration with ecological assessments, and their application in risk assessment and management.
Sikaily et al. (Fri,) studied this question.