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Rural decline is a global concern, and Ecosystem Services (ES) play a crucial role in both rural revitalization and the Human Well-being (HW) of residents. This study investigated 9 revitalization cases in Shandong province, China, employing both quantitative and qualitative methods. It confirmed the effect on HW based on ES, using a comprehensive assessment framework covering local ecosystem services contribution and economic/social effect derived from the Millennium Ecosystem Service Assessment (MA) and Japan Biodiversity Outlook (JBO) and consolidated variations into four ES dimensions from a HW perspective. As a result, 4 common types of rural revitalization were identified: (A) Large-scale Agriculture, (B) Local Specialty/Brand Making, (C) Industry Integration, and (D) Urbanization Village, based on actors, core industries, and key revitalization activities. According to interviews with local residents, the residents express high levels of satisfaction with revitalization activities. Using TOPSIS analysis, we found that urbanization-led revitalization (D) excels in "economic/social" dimensions but falls short in "Interaction with nature and health" and "Life and culture with nature." In contrast, agriculture-based revitalization activities (A and B) offer a more balanced impact across various ES dimensions. The well-being of residents varies depending on how they utilize and connect with nature. These findings underscore the potential of large-scale agricultural development to address rural population decline and suggest that fostering a positive exchange of ES, HW and capital between rural and urban areas can enhance the resilience of the rural-urban system. These insights are especially relevant for addressing the urban-rural imbalances in developing countries experiencing urban expansion and rural decline.
Xu et al. (Fri,) studied this question.