On the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease using a machine learning-based interface with explainable artificial intelligence

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is increasingly recognised as a major health concern due to its rising prevalence. The average survival period without functioning kidneys is typically limited to approximately 18 days, creating a significant need for kidney transplants and dialysis. Early detection of CKD is crucial, and machine learning methods have proven effective in diagnosing the condition, despite their often opaque decision-making processes. This study utilised explainable machine learning to predict CKD, thereby overcoming the 'black box' nature of traditional machine learning predictions. Of the six machine learning algorithms evaluated, the extreme gradient boost (XGB) demonstrated the highest accuracy. For interpretability, the study employed Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) and Partial Dependency Plots (PDP), which elucidate the rationale behind the predictions and support the decision-making process. Moreover, for the first time, a graphical user interface with explanations was developed to diagnose the likelihood of CKD. Given the critical nature and high stakes of CKD, the use of explainable machine learning can aid healthcare professionals in making accurate diagnoses and identifying root causes.