Attitudes of Play by Gabor Csepregi (review)

Reviewed by: Attitudes of Play by Gabor Csepregi Paul Gaffney CSEPREGI, Gabor. Attitudes of Play. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2022. 182 pp. Cloth, 120. 00; paper, 32. 95 This delightful and illuminating book presents a thorough account of playfulness, its various manifestations and associations, and its indispensable role in the good life. Reading through the well-documented chapters, one recognizes how many thoughtful people have commented on the meaning of play, and yet, at the same time, one recognizes the necessity for a full-scale, integrated discussion. The inspiration for the study is partly practical, as stated in the prologue: "I noticed that people who approach their daily tasks or End Page 713 recreational pursuits with an attitude of play seem to lead a happier and fuller life. " But play as attitude also deserves theoretical study because it integrates, enhances, and to some extent opposes the instrumental character of human endeavor and thus reveals something fundamental about the human condition. A moral context is established early. We are told in chapter 1, "The Concept of Attitude, " that, unlike feelings and ideas, we are responsible for the attitudes that we adopt and, therefore, for the actions and emotions that they characteristically structure. An attitude is an authentic, embodied, and concrete engagement with the world, subject to "continual modifications" and so, presumably, not entirely under our control, but still largely a determination of human agency. In chapter 2, "Play as Attitude, " the author makes an important distinction between play as activity and play as attitude, the latter of which has been comparatively neglected. Play as attitude (playfulness) represents a mode of noninstrumentality— a "momentary holiday from work-related occupations"—that can transform almost any experience, at least temporarily. Playfulness thus represents an immediate engagement, a childlike attentiveness, which is precisely what provides its special value. Chapter 3, "Pathic Attitude, " develops this theme. Playfulness is reciprocal; in fact, we might say it is doubly playful: "In all play there is something with which we play and, in turn, plays with us. " An openness to the world, and a delight in its responsiveness, grounds the playful attitude. The experience is discoverable by young children and some animals as well. The following chapters elaborate on this basic outline. Chapter 4, "Ease, " explains how advanced players often lose themselves and "sink into a role, " a peak experience that is typically the product of training and habit. This enviable state would seem to be somewhat elusive, particularly for performers, which suggests that it is something of a moral achievement. The experience recalls what has been called in the philosophy of sport literature "flow performance, " which is, paradoxically, both more intense and yet effortless. Chapter 5, "Risk, " explores the adventurous nature of play, which inevitably involves uncertainty, luck, and risk. An attitude of play embraces, or at least accepts, the vagaries of good and bad luck; it comes with the risk of failure, embarrassment, and even physical injury. This chapter presents an important discussion about the tension between the spirit of playfulness and the ethos of modern sport, which tends increasingly to emphasize proficiency, rationalization, and commercialization. The modern obsession with preparation, perfection, and control leaves little room for a genuinely playful spirit, which ideally should animate sport. Indeed, the occasional experience of feeling lost, which the author, following Caillois, describes as "vertigo, " is an essential component of a full life. In chapter 6, "Humor, " we are told that although some playful activities are serious and demand concentration, they are often accompanied by a good-natured, lighthearted attitude. Humor seems to be inherently playful, a liberal and often irreverent exercise of the End Page 714 imagination, which allows it to provide solace, inspiration, and transcendence: "Humor, then, is the capacity to see and apprehend things in their complexity, ambivalence, and paradoxical nature. " Chapter 7, "Gratuité, " underscores a major theme of the book—the importance of the useless or gratuitous in a fully meaningful life (gratuité and utilité are French for "useless" and "useful"). The author insightfully suggests that such moments might present themselves in seemingly disparate activities, such as play and liturgy: "Measured by the strict sense of the word, they are purposeless but still full. . .