Posterior Scleritis: A Case Report and Literature Review of the Management of the Condition

Posterior scleritis is a rare inflammatory eye condition affecting the posterior segments of the sclera and is more prevalent in females. Its clinical presentation, often nonspecific, includes ocular pain, headache, and vision loss. Misdiagnosis is common due to a lack of specific symptoms posing a potential threat to vision. The etiology is often tied to rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic erythematous lupus (SLE), and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis. Posterior scleritis poses diagnostic challenges, mimicking many other ocular conditions, hence necessitating a thorough clinical eye exam. Laboratory studies, including inflammatory markers and markers of rheumatic diseases, may identify underlying systemic diseases. Imaging, including B-scan ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), aids in accurate diagnosis. Treatment involves non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), as well as topical corticosteroids for mild disease and systemic corticosteroids for severe disease. Biologic therapy has become increasingly significant for refractory cases. A multidisciplinary approach involving ophthalmology and rheumatology is crucial in the management of this potential sight-threatening disease. This case report highlights a 46-year-old woman with a history of RA-associated posterior scleritis.