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Sustainable agriculture is essential for addressing the global food security challenges, environmental degradation, and climate change. Biochar, a carbon-rich material produced through the pyrolysis, has gained significant attention as a promising tool to enhance sustainability of agricultural systems. Biochar serves as a valuable soil amendment by improving soil structure and enhancing its water-holding capacity, nutrient retention, and microbial activity. These improvements translate into increased soil fertility and reduced nutrient runoff, mitigating the risk of water pollution. Furthermore, biochar's porous structure acts as a reservoir for beneficial microorganisms and can potentially contribute to the suppression of soil-borne pathogens. In the context of climate change, biochar plays a dual role. Firstly, it acts as a carbon sink, sequestering carbon in the soil for hundreds to thousands of years, thus mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Secondly, biochar application can lead to reduced emissions of nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas associated with synthetic fertilizer use. Crop productivity and yield stability are critical factors in sustainable agriculture. Biochar application has been shown to enhance plant growth by improving nutrient availability, root development, and stress tolerance. Additionally, it can increase crop resilience to extreme weather events, helping farmers adapt to changing climatic conditions. However, the successful integration of biochar into agricultural systems requires careful consideration of feedstock selection, pyrolysis processes, and application methods, as well as site-specific factors. Nonetheless, continued research, development, and knowledge dissemination are essential to maximize positive impacts of biochar in diverse agricultural contexts. The current review article aims at understanding the production and applications of biochar for sustainability of agricultural production systems and minimizes the carbon emissions through sequestration.
Adak et al. (Sun,) studied this question.