A Fundamental Study of the Sustainable Key Competencies for Remote Operators of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships

The introduction of MASSs, facilitated by the advancement of autonomous navigation technologies, is anticipated to lead to the emergence of new technologies, novel vessel types, and innovative job positions like remote operators at remote operation centers. The MASS Code is currently being discussed by the Maritime Safety Committee of the International Maritime Organization. This Code is expected to be adopted in the form of non-mandatory guidelines until 2025, with the goal of establishing mandatory requirements by 2028. Additionally, revisions to the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers related to crew training and qualifications are planned for adoption by 2027. These revisions will include requirements for MASS operators. This paper aims to examine the sustainable key competencies required for safe MASS operation by remote operators using the Analytic Hierarchy Process method, considering the emergence of the new profession of remote operator. Building upon the 66 knowledge, understanding, and proficiencies outlined for marine officers in the STCW Convention, the paper aims to identify the additional competencies required for remote operators and contribute to the development of a training model for the future.