Feeding live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) improved performance of mid-lactation dairy cows by altering ruminal bacterial communities and functions of serum antioxidation and immune responses

Abstract Background The utilization of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, YE) in dairy cows is gaining traction in dairy production as a potential strategy to improve feed efficiency and milk yield. However, the effects of YE on dairy cow performance remain inconsistent across studies, leaving the underlying mechanisms unclear. Hence, the primary aim of this study was to investigate the impact of YE supplementation on lactation performance, ruminal microbiota composition and fermentation patterns, as well as serum antioxidant capacity and immune functions in dairy cows. Results Supplementation with YE (20 g/d/head) resulted in enhancements in dairy cow’s dry matter intake (DMI) (P = 0. 016), as well as increased yields of milk (P = 0. 002) and its components, including solids (P = 0. 003), fat (P = 0. 014), protein (P = 0. 002), and lactose (P = 0. 001) yields. The addition of YE led to significant increases in the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (NH 3 -N) (P = 0. 023), acetate (P = 0. 005), propionate (P = 0. 025), valerate (P = 0. 003), and total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) (P < 0. 001) in rumen fermentation parameters. The analysis of 16s rRNA gene sequencing data revealed that the administration of YE resulted in a rise in the relative abundances of three primary genera including Ruminococcus ₂ (P = 0. 010), Rikenellaceae RC9gutgroup (P = 0. 009), and Ruminococcaceae NK4A214group (P = 0. 054) at the genus level. Furthermore, this increase was accompanied with an enriched pathway related to amino acid metabolism. Additionally, enhanced serum antioxidative (P < 0. 05) and immune functionalities (P < 0. 05) were also observed in the YE group. Conclusions In addition to improving milk performance, YE supplementation also induced changes in ruminal bacterial community composition and fermentation, while enhancing serum antioxidative and immunological responses during the mid-lactation stage. These findings suggest that YE may exert beneficial effects on both rumen and blood metabolism in mid-lactation dairy cows.